PASSAGE 3
Questions 21-30
In 1969, in her book On Death and Dying, psychologist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross introduced the idea that there are several distinct stages of grief. The book, which was based on her work with terminally ill and dying patients, posited that people who were going through the grieving process went through unique and separate stages. These stages are as follows: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
While there are five commonly accepted stages in the Kübler-Ross model, other interpretations of her model use seven stages of grief, which are shock and denial, pain and guilt, anger and bargaining, depression and loneliness, beginning to heal, reconstruction, and acceptance and hope. The main differences are that the five stages model considers anger and bargaining to be two separate stages, does not include guilt, and considers the final three stages of the seven stages model to be one stage.
The five stages of the Kübler-Ross model can be summarized and applied to a wide variety of grief situations. The first stage, denial, consists of a phase in which the victim can’t believe that something bad is actually happening. It takes time for the victim to process the bad event is actually happening, and this stage may be lengthened by the unfolding of the news of the situation.
The second stage, anger, consists of a phase in which the victim becomes upset and filled with rage and jealousy of those outside of the bad situation. While the victim may feel justified in having these feelings, this stage can isolate the victim from people who would care for him or her by pushing them away.
In bargaining, the third stage, the victim feels a temporary hope that something they can do, give, or sacrifice will stop the bad situation from occurring or make the bad situation that has already happened (such as the death of a loved one or a divorce) go away. While this is rarely true, the hope provides the victim with a brief respite from the negative feelings of the anger stage, and can cause a temporary positive outlook. While this makes the victim easier to be around, those around the victim who know that the bad situation will continue also know that the victim’s negative feelings will return as soon as it is discovered that no bargain can be struck that will end the bad situation.
The fourth stage of grief, depression, consists of the victim’s realization that the bad situation is not going to end, and that he or she will not be able to escape it. Some victims become so mired in the sadness and other negative feelings of this stage that they lose interest in maintaining their lives and relationships. Ironically, the sadness and other negative feelings of the depression stage show that the victim is finally realizing that the bad situation is real and beginning to process that reality.
The fifth stage, acceptance, is when the victim begins to find peace with the bad situation and his or her place in it. While acceptance contains sadness, it is not the paralyzing sadness of the depression stage that makes the victim lose interest in others or in maintaining daily activities. Acceptance is the stage referred to as “coming out the other side.”
Câu 1: What is the main idea of the passage?
- A. to describe the stages of grief
- B. to explain who Elisabeth Kübler-Ross was
- C. to detail the differences in the five stages versus the seven stages of grief
- D. to question the importance of the stages of grief theory
- A. sadness
- B. mourning
- C. theory
- D. death
- A. working with children whose parents were divorcing
- B. working with people who were dying
- C. working with researchers who had a theory of seven stages of grief
- D. working with the author of the book On Death and Dying
- A. depression
- B. bargaining
- C. reconstruction
- D. acceptance
- A. theory
- B. theater
- C. phase
- D. denial
- A. It results from information received by the victim.
- B. It is the shortest stage.
- C. It always lasts from a few days to a week.
- D. It is combined with guilt.
- A. Although nothing the victim does can affect the outcome of the situation, he or she may temporarily have hope that something can become happy.
- B. The victim may become very happy that something he or she does can change the outcome of the situation.
- C. The victim may become very happy to think that something he or she does can change the outcome of the situation.
- D. Nothing the victim does can change the outcome of the situation positively or negatively.
- A. the theory
- B. Kübler-Ross
- C. the victim
- D. the bad situation
- A. feeling jealous
- B. feeling guilty
- C. feeling peaceful
- D. feeling angry
- A. people who are dying will not survive to reach the acceptance stage
- B. the seven stages model is more robust than the five stages model
- C. Kübler-Ross’s critics have more experience with grief than she did
- D. the grieving person is not always dying
PASSAGE 4
Questions 31-40
A new trend in vehicle technology is to design systems that run on natural gas instead of gasoline or diesel. Compressed natural gas (CNG) is far better for the environment than either gasoline or diesel because it burns cleaner, vehicles that run on natural gas instead of gasoline or diesel are more fuel efficient, and CNG is less expensive than more traditional options. Auto and truck manufacturers are rushing to bring new engines to market that run on natural gas and to modify existing engines to run on natural gas.
There is a growing market for fuel-efficient vehicles in the United States and around the world, and vehicles that run on natural gas are at the forefront of meeting this demand. Most of the market for fuel-efficient vehicles that run on natural gas are companies with large fleets of trucks, specifically energy companies, field service companies, telecom companies, and government fleets. They are making the decision to switch to CNG vehicles primarily because of the fuel savings, but also for the environmental benefits and the push toward supporting a domestic fuel source that creates economic growth in the United States.
Compressed natural gas is produced in the United States as well as around the world, so using CNG gives American companies a way to use a local fuel source that is not subject to fluctuations in the international market or external factors affecting the price of gasoline, such as conflicts in oil-producing regions, OPEC, or other political maneuverings. Increasing CNG use and production in the United States also contributes to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), a number that indicates the health and strength of the country’s economy overall. Using CNG is good for the economy.
In addition, because of the political visibility of the vast benefits of CNG, many states are implementing tax incentives that further reduce the cost of converting current vehicles from using gasoline to using CNG. At the same time, vehicles are being designed to use either CNG alone or to have duel-combustion systems that can run on either gasoline or compressed natural gas. Because of rapid industry growth and the increased availability of CNG technology, companies producing CNG or developing CNG conversion technology are investing in the development of infrastructure (CNG fueling stations) needed to support the rising number of CNG vehicles on the road.
Converting a vehicle that currently runs on gasoline or diesel to run on CNG is a simple process consisting of installing a converter unit to the existing engine. These units are produced by companies that have obtained certification from environmental agencies that have determined the parameters for considering a CNG engine conversion “clean” enough to be environmentally friendly. The companies that produce these conversion units install them into existing vehicles owned by the companies that request them, or to new vehicles delivered straight from the vehicle manufacturer to the CNG conversion company. Technicians install the CNG converter units, test the installation, and deliver them to the customer company, which can begin using the vehicles immediately.
Because of the simplicity and relatively low cost of converting engines to using CNG, it makes solid financial sense for companies running large fleets of trucks to convert them. Once the tax savings and incentives to these companies are figured in, the conversion process is a negligible expense that pays for itself almost immediately. As more and more companies running fleets of trucks discover the financial benefits of running their trucks on CNG instead of gasoline, the market for CNG conversions and CNG-native engines will continue to increase.
Câu 11: What is the passage mainly about?
- A. what compressed natural gas is.
- B. why companies are becoming more environmentally friendly.
- C. compressed natural gas as a fuel source that is good for the environment and for companies that convert to it.
- D. how CNG conversion is performed on a truck that runs on gasoline.
- A. substitute
- B. make less intense
- C. change
- D. reduce
- A. to give examples of companies that use fleets of trucks and might use CNG vehicles.
- B. to question whether the market is so narrow that the technology is not worth pursuing
- C. to examine the motivations for these companies to make such a radical choice for fuel
- D. to describe the process of converting a gasoline engine to a CNG engine
- A. to protect the environment
- B. to save fuel
- C. to promote use of local fuel source
- D. to be forced by the government
- A. issues
- B. disasters
- C. products
- D. benefits
- A. CNG producers would like to see more CNG fueling stations available for users of CNG and companies that convert trucks to using CNG.
- B. Companies that install CNG converters do not know where to refuel on CNG because there are still very few CNG fueling stations.
- C. CNG producers are investing in CNG fueling stations to support the companies that perform CNG conversions on trucks.
- D. CNG producers and companies that sell truck conversions are investing in building CNG fuel stations to support growth in the use of CNG.
- A. CNG fueling stations
- B. gasoline engines
- C. CNG engines
- D. CNG engine conversion units
- A. the conversion is financed by environmental groups
- B. the conversion simply requires installing one premade unit onto the engine
- C. the conversion can be done by the driver of the truck
- D. the conversion is done when the truck is manufactured in the factory
- A. They are cheaper to run than trucks that run on gasoline.
- B. The conversion process makes them more difficult to drive than trucks that run on gasoline.
- C. They have a smaller environmental impact than trucks that run on gasoline.
- D. Companies can have them converted to run CNG before delivery.
- A. trucks that run on CNG have more cargo space than trucks that run gasoline
- B. more trucks will run on CNG in the future
- C. CNG fueling stations will be subsidized by CNG producers
- D. the long-term environmental benefits of running a truck on CNG do not outweigh the significant costs of converting the truck
